The LFA-based Cardiac ecosystem encompasses a defined value chain that begins with upstream raw‑material sourcing, proceeds through midstream manufacturing and integration activities, and terminates with downstream distribution and clinical deployment. Upstream participants provide antibodies, membranes, and conjugates that determine assay sensitivity. Midstream actors—including OEM manufacturers, technology developers, and system integrators—transform these inputs into compliant test kits and embed them within digital point‑of‑care platforms. Downstream channels handle logistics, regulatory clearance, and sales outreach, delivering finished products to hospitals, cardiology clinics, and other point‑of‑care facilities where cardiac biomarkers are measured. Value is captured at each stage through component mark‑ups, licensing fees, and service contracts, forming the basis of the LFA-based Cardiac ecosystem.